An international team led by Harvard Medical School scientists has produced the first genome-wide ancient human DNA sequences from west and central Africa.
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| General view of the excavation of Shum Laka’s rockshelter (Grassfields region of Cameroon). This site was home to a human population that lived in the region for at least five millennia and bore little genetic relatedness to the people who live in the region today. Analysis of whole genome ancient DNA data from the people who lived at this site provided insights into the existence of several never-before-appreciated, early-branching African human lineages [Credit: Pierre de Maret, January 1994] |
The findings, published in Nature, provide new clues in the search to identify the populations that first spoke and spread Bantu languages. The work also illuminates previously unknown "ghost" populations that contributed small portions of DNA to present-day African groups.
Map of Africa with Cameroon in dark blue and approximate location of Shum Laka marked with star. Image adapted from Alvaro1984 18/Wikimedia Commons
Research highlights:
- DNA came from the remains of two pairs of children who lived around 3,000 years ago and 8,000 years ago, respectively, during the transition from the Stone Age to the Iron Age.
- The children were buried at Shum Laka, a rock shelter in the Grassfields region of northwestern Cameroon where ancient people lived for tens of thousands of years. The site has yielded prolific artifacts along with 18 human skeletons and lies in the region where researchers suspect Bantu languages and cultures originated. The spread of Bantu languages--and the groups that spoke them--over the past 4,000 years is thought to explain why the majority of people from central, eastern and southern Africa are closely related to one another and to west/central Africans.
- Surprisingly, all four individuals are most closely related to present-day central African hunter-gatherers, who have very different ancestry from most Bantu speakers. This suggests that present-day Bantu speakers in western Cameroon and across Africa did not descend from the sequenced children's population.
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| Excavation of a double burial at the Shum Laka rock shelter (Grassfields region of Cameroon) containing the remains of two boys who lived ~8,000 years ago and who were genetically from the same family. Ancient DNA reveals that these two individuals and another pair of children buried five millennia later at Shum Laka were from a stable population that was then almost completely displaced by the very different populations living in Cameroon today [Credit: Isabelle Ribot, January 1994] |
- One individual's genome includes the earliest-diverging Y chromosome type, found almost nowhere outside western Cameroon today. The findings show that this oldest lineage of modern human males has been present in that region for more than 8,000 years, and perhaps much longer.
- Genetic analyses indicate that there were at least four major lineages deep in human history, between 200,000 and 300,000 years ago. This radiation hadn't been identified previously from genetic data.
- Contrary to common models, the data suggest that central African hunter-gatherers diverged from other African populations around the same time as southern African hunter-gatherers did.
- Analyses reveal another set of four branching human lineages between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, including the lineage known to have given rise to all present-day non-Africans.
- The Shum Laka individuals themselves harbor ancestry from multiple deep lineages, including a previously unknown, early-diverging ancestry source in West Africa.
Source: Harvard Medical School [January 22, 2020]
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